Caribou, a Nickel Mine, High Tides, and Meteor Craters
I. Map boundaries: 50 to 60 degrees North; 56 to 70 degrees West
II. Country and Administrative Subdivisions: Canada (Newfoundland and Labrador including Nunatsiavut; Nunavut-part of Qikiqtaaluk Region; Quebec including Katavik Regional Government, Cote-Nord Administrative Region)
III. Overview
To the north of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the wilderness of Quebec and Labrador begins. There are mountains near the coast of Labrador and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and plateaus in a central lake area. Lowlands are around Ungava Bay. This region is home to the George River caribou herd, one of the great wildlife migrations, which is undertaken by several hundred thousand animals. The 5,000-mile migration extends from the coast of Labrador to James Bay (west of the map area). This map area is also home to two large First Nations territories—Kativik in Quebec and Nunatsiavut in Newfoundland and Labrador.
Ecologically, this is the transition from boreal forests to arctic tundra. The transition begins with closed forests adjacent to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and ends with open forests to the south of Ungava Bay. Arctic tundra is at higher elevations and in the Torngat Mountains. Although the Bay of Fundy is known for the world’s highest tides, Ungava Bay, especially the Leaf River embayment, rivals this claim, with tides to 15 m. The difference may be related to the fact that Ungava Bay remains frozen for all but four months of the year, and the tides are less well known. The coastlines of the St. Lawrence, Labrador Sea, and Ungava Bay are dotted with islands. Most of the coastline of the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence is protected as various waterfowl areas and migratory bird sanctuaries. Numerous rocky islets off of Labrador are used by nesting seabirds. Gilbert Bay on the coast of Labrador is a marine protected area, harboring a unique non-migratory subspecies of cod.
Although much of the area is roadless, the Trans-Labrador Highway provides a link from Manicougan into Labrador, then connecting by ferry across the Straight of Belle Isle to Newfoundland. A new gravel roadway link from Happy Valley-Goose Bay to Cartwright is recently completed, connecting with the Labrador Coastal Drive from Red Bay to Cartwright. A ferry across the Straight of Belle Isle connects the road to the Long Range Mountain peninsula of Newfoundland. From the west, a road in Quebec follows the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Natashquan.
A new nickel mine has recently been opened at Voisey’s Bay in Nunatsiavut. Hydroelectric development has been ongoing for 30 years, with the newest series of four dams under construction on the Romaine River in 2009. The central portion of the map is the Caniapiscau Plateau with elevations up to 3,000 feet. This provides an attractive elevation gradient for hydroelectric development. Other hydroelectric developments are at Smallwood Reservoir/Churchill Falls, Caniapiscau Reservoir, Manicouagan Reservoir, St. Marguerite, and Lake Robertson. Tributary rivers to the Maincouagan also have hydroelectric developments, including the Hart-Jaune and Toulnostouc. Proposed hydroelectric developments are at Gull Island and Muskrat Falls on the Churchill River. At Caniapiscau Reservoir, approximately one third of the river flow of the Caniapiscau (Rocky Point) River is diverted to the west, through the Brisay hydroelectric development, to the Grand River drainage, and is the largest reservoir in the James Bay hydroelectric project. The Churchill Falls development diverts flow of the Naskaupi and Kanairiktok to the Churchill River. The river provides more than 1,000 feet of head and 5,429 MW of hydroelectric capacity. A large new hydroelectric development is under construction on the Romaine River, and is planned to consist of four dams with a capacity of 1550 MW.
Although hydroelectric developments have affected a number of northern rivers in the map area, there are numerous other reservoirs protected by the government of Quebec for their Atlantic Salmon runs. Chief among these is the Moisie River and tributaries Caopacho, Nipissis, Eau Doree, Joseph, Kachipitonkas, Wacouno, and Nipisso. The Moisie is considered one of the world’s finest Atlantic salmon rivers and is also considered a challenging whitewater run.
Manicouagan Reservoir is known as the “Eye of Quebec,” because of its appearance in satellite photographs. The reservoir fills a meteor crater dating to 214 million years ago in the Triassic period. Other meteor craters in the region are at Mistastin in Labrador (36 million years in age) and La Moinerie in Kativik (400 million years ago).
IV. Terrestrial Ecoregions
A. Nearctic Biome
1. Boreal Forests/Taiga
NA 602, Central Canadian Shield forests. A rolling landscape of lakes, wetlands, and rock outcroppings. Vegetation is boreal forest of black spruce, jack pine, aspen, birch, and fir. Found in Cote Nord Administrative Region, Quebec, in a small area of the map to the northwest of Manicougan Reservoir.
NA 605, Eastern Canadian forests. Vegetation is balsam fir with white spruce and maritime heath along the coastline. Found along the Labrador coast north to Lake Melville, on the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Quebec, and at lower elevations in Newfoundland. Found in Cote-Nord Administrative region of Quebec, Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nunatsiavut.
NA 606, Eastern Canadian Shield taiga. An open coniferous forest dominated by black spruce and tamarack; some white spruce on the Atlantic coast. Found in inland Labrador and on the south shore of Ungava Bay, encompassing the watersheds of the Caniapiscau, Baleine (Whale), George and Churchill rivers. Found in Kativik, Cote-Nord, Labrador, and Nunatsiavut.
NA 611, Newfoundland Highland forests. Found in Newfoundland in the Long Range Mountains, the northern extension of the Appalachians. Wet, mossy boreal forests of higher elevations with spruce-fir and Kalmia.
B. Nearactic Biome
2. Tundra
NA 1114, Low Arctic tundra. An undulating landscape of lakes, ponds, and wetlands at the tundra-subarctic forest transition. Long eskers are characteristic of the area. Found on the west side of Ungava Bay, Kativik Regional Government area of Quebec.
NA 1118, Torngat Mountain tundra. Glacier-carved valleys and fjords along the Labrador Sea. Vegetation is bare rock, lichens, mosses, Arctic sedges, and thickets of evergreen and deciduous shrubs. The Torngat caribou herd is restricted to this ecoregion. Found in Kativik, Labrador, and Nunatsiavut.
V. Marine Ecoregions of the World
A. Arctic Realm, Arctic Province
5. Northern Grand Banks—Southern Labrador. Found from Hares Island on the Labrador coast south to the eastern Newfoundland coast and White Bay
6. Northern Labrador. Found along the Labrador coast from Comma Islands northward.
8. Hudson Complex. Found in Ungava Bay.
B. Temperate North Atlantic Realm, Cold Temperate Northwest Atlantic Province
37. Gulf of St. Lawrence—Eastern Scotian Shelf. Found in the Gulf of St. Lawrence northeast to Belle Isle Straight between Newsfoundland and Labrador.
VI. Freshwater Ecoregions of the World
A. North America, Temperate Coastal Rivers
113. Eastern Hudson Bay-Ungava. Includes rivers reaching Ungava Bay and Labrador Atlantic drainages from the St. Lewis River north. Some rivers have runds of anadromous Arctic char, Atlantic salmon, or brook trout.
114. Gulf of St. Lawrence Coastal Drainages. Includes the Pinware River of Labrador west to Bersimis River of Quebec. Larger rivers and lakes are noted from American eel and Atlantic salmon.
115. Canadian Atlantic Islands. Includes Newfoundland on map area. Noted for shads, Atlantic rainbow smelt, and American eel.
VII. Biosphere Reserves
Manicouagan-Uapishka. The reserve extends from the Groulx Mountains (Uapishka) north of Manicouagan Crater south to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, encompassing tundra in the Groulx Mountains, boreal forest to the south, and the St. Lawrence estuary. Ecoregion 605
VIII. Other points of interest
(shown on map unless noted)
Aguanish River, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon river and waterfowl area. Ecoregions 605 and FEOW 114.
Arches Provincial Park, Newfoundland. Geological area with a triple-arched limestone formation. Ecoregions 605 and MEOW 37.
Backway, Nunatsiavut, Labrador. A 35-km long saltwater bay, with the largest concentration of surf scoter in eastern Canada. Ecoregions 605 and MEOW 5.
Baleine River (Whale River), Kativik. Quebec protected salmon river. Ecoregions 606 and FEOW 113.
Bersimis (Betsiamites) River, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. A Quebec protected salmon river. Ecoregions 605 and FEOW 114.
Betchouane Migratory Bird Sanctuary, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Three islands used by common eiders for breeding. Nearby Cayes a Meck is three small islands used by terns for breeding. Ecoregion 605 and MEOW 37.
Bird Island, Labrador. Offshore island with nesting puffin and razorbill. Ecoregions 605 and MEOW 5.
Big Boule, Little Boule, and Sept-Iles Archipelago, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Important bird area with white birch and spruce vegetation, hosting black guillemot, razorbill, gulls, eider, kittiwake, cormorant. Ecoregions 605 and MEOW 37.
Au Bouleau River, Cote Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon river located east of Pigou River and west of Sheldrake River. Ecoregions 605 and FEOW 114.
Brador Bay Migratory Bird Sanctuary, Cote Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Two islands, and shoreline covered with maritime heath contains the largest colony of Atlantic puffin in Quebec. Ecoregions 605 and MEOW 37.
East Brador River (not shown on map), Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. A Quebec protected salmon river, located east of Ruisseau des Belles Amours River and west of Pinware River. Ecoregions 605 and FEOW 114.
Brume Island Migratory Bird Refuge, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Nesting common eider and seabirds. Ecoregion 605 and MEOW 37.
Checatica River (not shown on map), Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon river, located east of Coxipi River and west of Napetipi River. Ecoregion 605 and FEOW 114.
Coacoachou River (not shown on map), Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon river, located east of Olomane River and west of Etamamiou River. Ecoregion 605 and FEOW 114.
Corneille River, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec salmon river. Ecoregion 605 and FEOW 114.
Corossol Island Migratory Bird Sanctuary, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Breeding area for seabirds and common eider. Ecoregion 605 and MEOW 37.
Coxipi River (not shown), Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon river, located east of St.-Augustine River and west of Checatica River. Ecoregion 605 and FEOW 114.
Duley Lake Provincial Park, Labrador. Ecoregion 605.
Etamamiou River, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon river. Ecoregion 605 and FEOW 114.
French Island Provincial Park, Newfoundland. Ecoregion 605 and MEOW 5.
Galuano Island, Labrador. Important bird area of low, rocky islands with large numbers of breeding common eiders. Ecoregion 1118.
Gannet Island Ecological Reserve, Labrador. Important bird area consisting of seven islands at the mouth of Sandwich Bay. Largest razorbill colony in eastern North America, puffins, murres. Ecoregions 606 and MEOW 5.
George River, Kativik. A Quebec protected salmon river, tributary to Ungava Bay. Ecoregions 606 and FEOW 113.
Gilbert Bay Marine Protected Area, Labrador. Established 2005 under the Canada Oceans Act, protecting unique subspecies of cod which remains in Gilbert Bay year round. Ecoregion 605 and MEOW 5.
Goose Brook, Nunatsiavut, Labrador. Mud flats at Hamilton Inlet harbor large concentrations of migratory geese. Ecoregions 605 and MEOW 5.
Groswater Bay, Nunatsiavut, Labrador. Ocean area filled with numerous small rocky islets. Nesting seabirds including Atlantic puffin, razorbill, eider, scoters. Ecoregions 606 and MEOW 5.
Gyrfalcon Islands, Nunavut. An important bird area of bout 200 small islands subjected to powerful high tides, known for breeding common eiders.
Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Labrador. Large military air base is alternative landing site for NASA space shuttle. Ecoregion 605.
Hare Bay Island Ecological Reserve, Newfoundland. Ecoregion 605 and MEOW 5.
Jupitagon River and Paul Island, Cote Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec salmon river and waterfowl protected area. Ecoregion 605 and FEOW 114.
Kecarpoui River, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec (not shown on map). Quebec salmon river, tributary to Gulf of St. Lawrence, located west of St. Augustine River. Ecoregions 605 and FEOW 114.
Kegaska River, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec (not shown on map). Quebec salmon river, tributary to Gulf of St. Lawrence east of Nabisipi River. Ecoregion 605 and FEOW 114.
Koksoak River, Kativik. Quebec salmon river, tributary to Ungava Bay. Ecoregions 606 and FEOW 113.
Kuururjuaq National Park, Kativik. Protects the Koroc River watershed, an oasis of boreal forest in a tundra area. Also includes the Torngat Mountains, George River Plateau, and the Ungava Coast. Ecoregions 606 and 1118.
L’Anse Amour Burial National Historic Site, Labrador. Archaic burial from 7500 years ago. Nearby are Labrador Straights Museum, and remains of a settlement of Jersey fishermen in the late 1700s, with hiking trail to wreck of HMS Raleigh. Ecoregion 605 and MEOW 37.
Long Point, Cote Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Waterfowl area on St. Lawrence Gulf. Four nearby islands also harbor nesting seabirds (Perroquet, Maison, and North and South Wreck islands). Ecoregion 605 and MEOW 37.
Loups Bay Migratory Bird Sanctuary, Cote Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. A seabird nesting area consisting of 13 islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Nearby Ile du Lac contains a nesting colony of great cormorants. Ecoregion 605 and MEOW 37.
Louis-Babel Ecological Reserve, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. The island in Manicouagan Reservoir. Ecoregion 605.
Magpie River, Cote Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon river. Ecoregion 605 and FEOW 114.
Manicouagan Reservoir, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Reservoir and hydroelectric development floods impact crater dating to 214 million years ago, providing the appearance of an eye from above. The Daniel Johnson dam is the largest multiple arch and buttress dam in the world. Ecoregions 605 and FEOW 114.
Matamec River Ecological Reserve, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Located east of Moisie River and west of Pigou River. Also Quebec Protected salmon river. Ecoregion 605 and FEOW 114.
Mealy Mountains, Labrador. Islands of tundra in the boreal forest. Ecoregion 606.
Big Mecatina River, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon river and Migratory Bird Sanctuary, tributary to and within Straight of Belle Isle. Ecoregion 605, MEOW 37, and FEOW 114.
Little Mecatina River, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec salmon river, tributary to Straight of Belle Isle. Ecoregions 605, 606, and FEOW 114.
Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. A group of 40 islands and 800 islets extends 108 miles along the Gulf of St. Lawrence coast of Quebec and contains barrens, peat bogs, sea stacks, and sinkholes. Wildlife includes marine mammals and seabirds. Ecoregions 605 and MEOW 37.
Mingan River (not shown), Cote Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon river, located east of St. Jean River and west of Romaine River. Ecoregion 605 and FEOW 114.
Mistastin, Labrador. Impact crater dating to 36 million years ago, 28 km diameter. Ecoregion 606.
La Moinerie, Kativik. Impact crater dating to 400 million years ago, 8 km in diameter. Ecoregion 606.
Moisie River Aquatic Reserve, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Also a Quebec protected salmon river. One of the world’s finest Atlantic salmon rivers; also a whitewater river. Tributary rivers, also Quebec protected salmon rivers, are Eau Doree, Ouapetec, Taoti, Caopacho, Joseph, Kachipitonkas, Nipissis, and Nipisso. Ecoregions 605 and FEOW 114.
Musquanousse River (not shown on map), Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon river east of Musquaro River and west of Washicoutai River. Ecoregion 605 and FEOW 114.
Musquaro River, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon river, tributary to Gulf of St. Lawrence. Ecoregion 605 and FEOW 114.
Nabisipi River, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon river, tributary to Gulf of St. Lawrence. Ecoregion 605 and MEOW 114.
Nain Coastline, Paul Island, and offshore islands, Nunatsiavut. The Nain coastal area contains hundreds of islands. Moulting scooters use offshore area of Paul Island. Islands 30 to 60 km offshore are vegetated by bare granite and tussock grass. They are used by polar bears, puffins, and razorbills. Ecoregions 606 and MEOW 6.
Napetipi River (not shown), Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon river, located east of Checatica River and west of View-Fort River. Ecoregions 605 and FEOW 114.
Natashquan River, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon river and river valley. Ecoregion 605, 606, and MEOW 114.
Netagamiou River (not shown on map), Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon river, tributary to Gulf of St. Lawrence, located to east of Etamamiou River and west of Little Mecatina River. Ecoregion 605 and FEOW 114.
Olomane River, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon river, tributary to Gulf of St. Lawrence. Ecoregion 605.
Pamiok Island, Kativik. Viking ruins. Ecoregion 1114.
Paul-Provencher Ecological Reserve, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Ecoregion 605.
Payne Islands and Plover Islands, Nunavut. Important Bird Area in Ungava Bay consists of two archipelagos of 100 islands. Common eiders are known breeders. Ecoregion 1114 and MEOW 8.
Piashti River, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec (not shown on map). Quebec salmon river between Corneille and Nabisipi Rivers, tributary to Gulf of St. Lawrence. Ecoregion 605 and FEOW 114.
Pigou River, Cote Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon river, located east of Matamec River and west of au Bouleau River. Ecoregions 605 and FEOW 114.
Pinware River Provincial Park, Labrador. Ecoregion 605.
Point Amour Lighthouse Provincial Historic Site, Labrador. Tallest lighthouse in Atlantic Canada; also Important bird area known or migrating eiders and guillimots. Ecoregions 605 and MEOW 37.
Porc-Epic River (not shown on map), Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec salmon river between Little Mecatina and Big Mecatina rivers. Ecoregions 605 and FEOW 114.
Porcupine Cape, Labrador. A 40-km sand beach, globally significant for surf scoters. Ecoregions 605 and MEOW 5.
Port Au Choix National Historic Site, Newfoundland. Archaeological sites dating to 3000 years before present are representative of the Maritime Archaic culture. Ecoregion 605.
Port Cartier-Sept-Iles Wildlife Reserve, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. A large provincial preserve encompassing 1,000 lakes and 15 rivers, boreal forest and waterfalls. Contains Pentecote, MacDonald, Ronald, and aux Rochers (Rock) Quebec protected salmon rivers and Lake Pasteur Biodiversity Reserve. Canoeing, fishing, and hiking. Ecoregion 605 and FEOW 114.
Puyjalon River (not shown on map), Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec salmon river, tributary to the Romaine. Ecoregion 605 and FEOW 114.
Quaker Hat, Labrador. Island 10 km offshore known for auks and razorbills. Ecoregions 606 and MEOW 5.
Red Bay National Historic Site, Labrador. Remains of 16th century Basque whaling station. Until 1610, Basque fishermen hunted bowhead and right whales in these waters. Ecoregion 605 and MEOW 37.
Romaine River, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. A Quebec salmon river, tributary to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Hydro Quebec is constructing four dams and reservoirs. Ecoregion 605 and FEOW 114.
Ruisseau des Belles Amours River, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. A Quebec protected salmon river, located east of St.-Paul River and west of East Brador River. Ecoregions 605 and FEOW 114.
St. Augustine Migratory Bird Sanctuary, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. A group of islands and rocks with nesting gulls, razorbill, tern, and eider. Ecoregions 605 and MEOW 37.
St.-Augustine and Northwest St.-Augustine rivers, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon rivers. Ecoregions 605 and FEOW 114.
St. Jean River, Cote Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. A Quebec salmon river, tributary to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Ecoregion 605 and FEOW 114.
St.-Marie Migratory Bird Sanctuary, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. This area consists of 13 islands covered with maritime heath and stunted confiers. It is the richest bird colony in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, with common murre, razorbill, common eider, and Atlantic double-crested cormorant. Ecoregions 605 and MEOW 37.
St.-Paul Salmon River, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon river. Ecoregions 605, 606, and FEOW 114.
Sept Iles (Seven Islands) Bay (Sept Iles on map),Labrador. Important bird area with rocky fjords, ice-covered December to June. Known for migrating harlequin ducks and common eiders. Ecoregion 1118 and MEOW 6.
Sheldrake River, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon river, located east of au Boleau River and west of Magpie River. Its tributary, d’Epinettes River, is also a Quebec protected salmon river. Ecoregions 605 and MEOW 114
Stag Island and Tumbledown Dick Island, Labrador. Important bird area consisting of four islands, known for harlequin duck moulting stop. Ecoregions 606 and MEOW 5.
Table Bay, Labrador. Important bird area noted for nesting eiders and peregrine falcons. Ecoregions 605 and MEOW 5.
Table Point Ecological Reserve and River of Ponds Provincial Park, Newfoundland. Marine fossils from the Middle Ordovician Period (470 million years ago). Ecoregion 605.
Theriault Island Wildlife Area, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Ecoregion 605 and MEOW 37.
Three Mile Lake Provincial Park, Newfoundland. Ecoregion 605.
Torngat Mountains National Park (proposed), Labrador. In Saglek Bay there are exposed 3.6 million year old rocks. Ecoregion 1118.
Ungava Bay Northeast Islands, Nunavut. Three small archipelagoes of several hundred islands surrounding Alluviaq Fiord. A common eider breeding area. Ecoregion 1118 and MEOW 8.
Veco River (not shown on map), Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon river, east of Big Mecatina River and west of Lake Robertson (Ha! Ha! River). Ecoregion 605 and FEOW 114.
Vieux-Fort River, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon river, located east of Napetipi River and west of St. Paul River. Ecoregions 605 and FEOW 114.
Voisey’s Bay, Nunatsiavut, Labrador. A nickel deposit discovered in 1993 has been mined in a commercial operation since 2005. Ecoregion 606.
Washicoutai River (not shown on map), Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Quebec protected salmon river, east of Musquanousse River and west of Olomane River. Ecoregion 605 and FEOW 114.
Watshishou Migratory Bird Sanctuary, Cote-Nord Administrative Region, Quebec. Also Watshishou and Little Watshishou Quebec-protected salmon rivers. Nesting common eider and seabirds. Ecoregion 605 and FEOW 114.
Watts Point Ecological Reserve, Newfoundland. Wildflowers on calcareous barrens. Ecoregion 605.
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